Psychoactive Compounds
Contents
IntroductionPhenethylamines
•Amphetamines
•Methylene Dioxy Phenethylamines
•Mescaline Analogues
•2C Family Compounds
•DOX Family Compounds
Tryptamines
Opioids
•Naturally Occuring Opiates
•Semi Synthetic Opioids
•Synthetic Opioids
•Morphinans
•Opioid Antagonists
Depressants
•Barbiturates
•Benzodiazepines
•GHB Analogues
Cannabinoids
Dissociatives
•PCP Analogues
•Other Dissociatives
Tropane Alkaloids
Ergolines
Piperazines
Other Compounds
•MAO Inhibitors
•SSRI
•Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
•Other Stimulants
Nootropics
•Racetams
•Cholinergics
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Mans use of mind altering substances can be traced back to the beginning of time. Everyone in this day and age is familiar with the more commonly used recreational drugs but these are only the tip of the iceberg. We are surrounded by mind altering chemicals and much of the food we eat on a daily basis alters our minds in one way or another.
Many psychoactive chemicals occur naturally in plants, fungi, animals and even bacteria. Most naturally occuring psychoactive or medicinal compounds are referred to as alkaloids and often possess complex nitrogenous chemical structures. A well known naturally occuring alkaloid is morphine. These naturally occuring alkaloids are often referred to as natural drugs.
Many highly potent psychoactive compounds have been discovered by making slight alterations to naturally occuring alkaloids. For instance heroin was discovered by acetylating morphine.
These compounds are often referred to as semisynthetic drugs because they are derived from naturally occuring compounds.
At the other end of the spectrum are the synthetic drugs. These compounds are not found in nature and are not derived from any known naturally occuring compounds. An example of a synthetic drug is diazepam, a CNS depressant first marketed under the brand name Valium.
There exists a very wide range of different types of compounds with psychoactive properties but many drug compounds can be placed into broad categories depending on their chemical structure. Large families of drug compounds often contain similar backbones in their chemical structure and can be categorized accordingly. Some well known families of drug compounds are phenethylamines, tryptamines, and benzodiazepines.
Introduction
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Naturally occuring opiates are any of the narcotic opioid alkaloids found as natural products in the opium poppy plant
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Barbiturates are a family of CNS depressants derived from barbituric acid.
The family includes depressants such as amobarbital, pentobarbital and secobarbital.
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Racetams are a class of nootropic drugs that share a pyrrolidone nucleus.
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Phenethylamine is an interesting compound which occurs naturally in the human body. Phenethylamine is used by the brain as a monoamine stimulatory neurotransmitter.
Phenethylamine serves as the backbone for other monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine and epinephrine aka adrenaline.
Although phenethylamine by itself is not a very potent psychoactive the molecule serves as a backbone for a wide range of psychoactive compounds the most well known of these being amphetamines. This is why compounds such as amphetamines, mescaline and MDMA are commonly referred to as phenethylamines.
Above are a few examples of potent psychoactive phenethylamines.
Psychoactive phenethylamines vary significantly in their effects. For example amphetamine is a potent stimulant whereas mescaline is a psychedelic.
Phenethylamines
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Amphetamines are a family of drug compounds which include well known stimulant drugs such as <i>amphetamine</i>, <i>methamphetamine</i> and <i>MDMA</i>. Amphetamine which serves as the backbone for this family of drugs is itself a highly potent CNS stimulant.
There exists wide range of known psychoactive substituted amphetamines. Here are some examples
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Amphetamine is just phenethylamine with an additional methyl group. Although amphetamine is a stimulant, many substited amphetamines are psychedelics such as the TMA family.
Amphetamines
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Drugs like MDMA and MDA are amphetamines but differ from conventional amphetamines since they contain a methylene dioxy ring. The methylene dioxy phenethylamines are generally stimulants but they also fall into the category of empathogens.
Methylene Dioxy Phenethylamines
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Mescaline Analogues
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2C-X is a family of psychedelic phenethylamines discovered by Alexander Shulgin.
2C Family Compounds
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DOX is a family of psychedelic amphetamines discovered by Alexander Shulgin.
DOX Family Compounds
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Amphetamines are a family of drug compounds which include well known stimulant drugs such as <i>amphetamine</i>, <i>methamphetamine</i> and <i>MDMA</i>. Amphetamine which serves as the backbone for this family of drugs is itself a highly potent CNS stimulant.
There exists wide range of known psychoactive substituted amphetamines. Here are some examples
Amphetamine is just phenethylamine with an additional methyl group. Although amphetamine is a stimulant, many substited amphetamines are psychedelics such as the TMA family.
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Semi synthetic opioids are compounds derived from the naturally occuring opiate compounds such as morphine and codeine.
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The tryptamines are a large family of potent psychedelic compounds with the tryptamine molecule as their backbone.
Tryptamines
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Cholinergics are substances that affect the neurotransmitter acetylcholine or the components of the nervous system that use acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a facilitator of memory formation. Increasing the availability of this neurotransmitter in the brain may improve these functions.
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Drugs like MDMA and MDA are amphetamines but differ from conventional amphetamines since they contain a methylene dioxy ring. The methylene dioxy phenethylamines are generally stimulants but they also fall into the category of empathogens.
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Synthetic opoids are compounds which bind to opiate receptors but do not naturally occur in nature and are not derived from naturally occuring opiate alkaloids.
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The opiates and opoids are a large class of compounds known for their analgesic and sedative properties.
The opium poppy (papaver somniferum) is a plant rich in alkaloids known for their sedative and analgesic properties.
The most potent of these alkaloids present in the opium poppy are morphine, codeine, thebaine and papaverine.
Opioids
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Naturally occuring opiates are any of the narcotic opioid alkaloids found as natural products in the opium poppy plant
Naturally Occuring Opiates
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Semi synthetic opioids are compounds derived from the naturally occuring opiate compounds such as morphine and codeine.
Semi Synthetic Opioids
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Synthetic opoids are compounds which bind to opiate receptors but do not naturally occur in nature and are not derived from naturally occuring opiate alkaloids.
Synthetic Opioids
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Morphinans are a subgroup of opioids and NMDA antagonists.
Morphinans
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Opioid antagonists are drugs that block the function of opioid receptors.
Opioid Antagonists
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Morphinans are a subgroup of opioids and NMDA antagonists.
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2C-X is a family of psychedelic phenethylamines discovered by Alexander Shulgin.
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Opioid antagonists are drugs that block the function of opioid receptors.
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DOX is a family of psychedelic amphetamines discovered by Alexander Shulgin.
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Depressants
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Barbiturates are a family of CNS depressants derived from barbituric acid.
The family includes depressants such as amobarbital, pentobarbital and secobarbital.
Barbiturates
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GHB and analogues are a family of CNS depressants. Drugs in this family make powerful sleeping aids.
GHB Analogues
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Benzodiazepines are a family of CNS depressants commonly used to treat anxiety and depression.
The family includes depressants such as diazepam, clonazepam and alprazolam.
Benzodiazepines
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Cannabinoids
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Dissociatives
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Other Dissociatives
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PCP Analogues
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GHB and analogues are a family of CNS depressants. Drugs in this family make powerful sleeping aids.
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Tropane alkaloids are a class of alkaloids and secondary metabolites that contain a tropane ring in their chemical structure. Tropane alkaloids occur naturally in many members of the plant family Solanaceae.
Tropane Alkaloids
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Ergoline is the compound which serves as the backbone for the highly potent psychedelic drug LSD.
Ergolines
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Piperazines are a family of psychoactive compounds based on the piperazine molecule.
Piperazines
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Other Compounds
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Other Stimulants
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MAO Inhibitors
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SSRI
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Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
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Nootropics, also referred to as smart drugs, memory enhancers, and cognitive enhancers, are drugs, supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods that are purported to improve mental functions such as cognition, memory, intelligence, motivation, attention, and concentration. Nootropics are thought to work by altering the availability of the brain\'s supply of neurochemicals (neurotransmitters, enzymes, and hormones) by improving the brain\'s oxygen supply or by stimulating nerve growth.
Nootropics
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Racetams are a class of nootropic drugs that share a pyrrolidone nucleus.
Racetams
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Cholinergics are substances that affect the neurotransmitter acetylcholine or the components of the nervous system that use acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a facilitator of memory formation. Increasing the availability of this neurotransmitter in the brain may improve these functions.
Cholinergics
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Benzodiazepines are a family of CNS depressants commonly used to treat anxiety and depression.
The family includes depressants such as diazepam, clonazepam and alprazolam.
"I believe that if people would learn to use LSD's vision-inducing capability more wisely, under suitable conditions, in medical practice and in conjunction with meditation, then in the future this problem child could become a wonderchild."
- Albert Hoffman